The School of Mathematical Sciences of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), originated in 1978 as the Mathematics Teaching Department of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China(Beijing). In September 2002, the name was changed to the Department of Mathematics, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (GUCAS). In June 2006 the School of Mathematical Sciences of GUCAS was established combining the Mathematical Department of GUCAS with the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science (AMSS) of CAS. The dean and vice dean are the president and educational vice-president of the AMSS, respectively. From 2014 the AMSS of CAS undertakes the School of Mathematical Sciences of UCAS, aiming to the integration of science research and education. The current dean is Nanhua Xi, a member of the CAS.

Integrating the comprehensive advantages of the UCAS and AMSS, the School of Mathematical Sciences has an advanced and standard undergraduate and graduate curriculum system, provides an excellent research environment, has a group of outstanding teachers of integration of research and education, and has a number of famous national and international professors for teaching. The School of Mathematical Sciences has 31 full-time teachers and 130 post teachers, among them there are 6 academicians, 41 with Outstanding Youth Grant, 6 of Thousand Talents or Thousand Talents Program for Distinguished Young Scholars, 112 professors (researchers), and 42 associate professors (associate researchers).

The School of Mathematical Sciences has 6 teaching research departments - Department of Analysis, Department of Geometry and Topology, Department of Algebra and Number Theory, Department of Computational and Computer Mathematics, Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, and Department of Operation and Control. 

The School of Mathematical Sciences currently has five first-disciplines: Mathematics, Systems Science, Statistics, Computer Science and Technology, and Management Science and Engineering. Inside them, there are 15 secondary disciplines for Doctorate programs.